How much does developing a novel therapeutic cost? – Factors Affecting Drug Development Costs across the Pharma Industry: A mini-Report

Introduction Data evaluating the costs associated with developing novel therapeutics within the pharmaceutical industry can be used to identify trends over time and can inform more accurate budgeting for future research projects. However, the cost to develop a drug therapeutic is difficult to accurately evaluate, resulting in varying estimates ranging from hundreds of millions to billions of US dollars between…
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Bayesian approach for sample size estimation and re-adjustment in clinical trials

Bayesian approach for sample size estimation and re-adjustment in clinical trials

            Accurate sample size calculation plays an important role in clinical research. Sample size in this context simply refers to the number of human patients, wheather healthy or diseased, taking part in the study. Clinical studies conducted using an insufficient sample size can lack the statistical power to adequately evaluate the treatment of interest, whereas a superfluous sample size can…
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Dynamic Systems Modelling and Complex Adaptive Systems (CAS) Techniques in Biomedicine and Public Health

Dynamical systems modelling is a mathematical approach to studying the behaviour of systems that change over time. These systems can be physical, biological, economic, or social in nature, and they are typically characterized by a set of variables that evolve according to certain rules or equations. CAS (Complex Adaptive Systems) models are a specific type of dynamical systems model that…
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Complex Adaptive Systems (CAS) Approach to Biomedicine & Public Health

While a majority of biomedical and public health research still maintains a linear reductive approach to arrive at empiric insight, reality is in most cases neither of these things. A complex adaptive systems approach, like reality, is non-linear and high dimensional. There are many benefits from taking a linear cause-effect reductivist approach in that the complex problem and it’s solution…
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